DS : Delegation signer (RFC 4034)
The record used to identify the DNSSEC signing key of a delegated zone

A : address record (RFC 1035)
Returns a 32-bit IPv4 address, most commonly used to map hostnames to an IP address of the host, but also used for DNSBLs, storing subnet masks in RFC 1101, etc.

RRSIG : DNSSEC signature (RFC 4034)
Signature for a DNSSEC-secured record set. Uses the same format as the SIG record.

SSHFP : SSH Public Key Fingerprint (RFC 4255)
Resource record for publishing SSH public host key fingerprints in the DNS System, in order to aid in verifying the authenticity of the host.

IXFR : Incremental Zone Transfer (RFC 1995)
Requests a zone transfer of the given zone but only differences from a previous serial number. This request may be ignored and a full (AXFR) sent in response if the authoritative server is unable to fulfill the request due to configuration or lack of required deltas.

AAAA : IPv6 address record (RFC 3596)
Returns a 128-bit IPv6 address, most commonly used to map hostnames to an IP address of the host.

CERT : Certificate record (RFC 4398)
Stores PKIX, SPKI, PGP, etc.

TKEY : Transaction Key (RFC 2930)
One way of providing a key to be used with TSIG

TA : DNSSEC Trust Authorities (None)
Part of a deployment proposal for DNSSEC without a signed DNS root. See the IANA database and Weiler Spec] for details. Uses the same format as the DS record.

NAPTR : Naming Authority Pointer (RFC 3403)
Allows regular expression based rewriting of domain names which can then be used as URIs, further domain names to lookups, etc.

IPSECKEY : IPSEC Key (RFC 4025)
Key record that can be used with IPSEC

NSEC : Next-Secure record (RFC 4034)
Part of DNSSEC—used to prove a name does not exist. Uses the same format as the (obsolete) NXT record.

TXT : Text record (RFC 1035)
Originally for arbitrary human-readable text in a DNS record. Since the early 1990s, however, this record more often carries machine-readable data, such as specified by RFC 1464, opportunistic encryption, Sender Policy Framework, DomainKeys, DNS-SD, etc.

TSIG : Transaction Signature (RFC 2845)
Record that supports one set of security mechanisms for DNS. Used to secure communication between DNS resolvers and Name servers, in contrast to DNSSEC, which secures the actual DNS records from the authoritative name server.

SOA : start of authority record (RFC 1035)
Specifies authoritative information about a DNS zone, including the primary name server, the email of the domain administrator, the domain serial number, and several timers relating to refreshing the zone.

LOC : Location record (RFC 1876)
Specifies a geographical location associated with a domain name

PTR : pointer record (RFC 1035)
Pointer to a canonical name. Unlike a CNAME, DNS processing does NOT proceed, just the name is returned. The most common use is for implementing reverse DNS lookups, but other uses include such things as DNS-SD.

NS : name server record (RFC 1035)
Delegates a DNS zone to use the given authoritative name servers